Haplotype-resolved T2T genome

Introduction


A haplotype-resolved telomere-to-telomere (T2T) genome aims to reconstruct each haplotype independently and generate complete chromosome sequences extending from one telomere to the other.

Unlike conventional genome assemblies that may collapse homologous chromosomes into a single consensus sequence, haplotype-resolved T2T assembly preserves the sequence and structural differences between haplotypes while maximizing chromosome completeness.

The resulting genome provides a more comprehensive representation of genetic variation, including heterozygous regions, structural differences, repetitive sequences, centromeres, telomeres, and other complex genomic regions that are often difficult to resolve in conventional assemblies.

Applications


Heterozygous and Hybrid Genome Research

Structural and Haplotype Variation Analysis

Evolutionary and Functional Genomics

Pangenome and Molecular Breeding

Highlights


Haplotype-Resolved Genome Reconstruction

Telomere-to-Telomere Completeness

Resolution of Complex Genomic Regions

Comprehensive Genomic Resource for Advanced Research

Workflow


Sample Preparation

Sample Preparation

Refer to: Sample Submission Guidelines

Extraction

Extraction

Refer to Ultra-long DNA
Extraction Protocol / DNA
Extraction Protocol

Sample QC

Extraction
Library Preparation

Library Preparation

Refer to Ultra-long DNA Library Construction Workflow
PacBio Revio DNA Library Construction Workflow

Library QC

Library Preparation
Sequencing

Sequencing

Platform: -Short-read Sequencing: Illumina/DNBSEQ;
-Long-read Sequencing: Nanopore PromethION / PacBio Revio

Bioinformatics Ananlysis

Bioinformatics Ananlysis

Haplotype-resolved T2T Demo Report

Click >>

Analysis workflow


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Publications


A complete diploid human genome benchmark for personalized genomics

Journal: Cell

IF:  45.1 (2026)

https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(26)00703-8

Highlights


• A telomere-to-telomere diploid assembly of HG002 achieves near-perfect accuracy

• Personalized diploid genome annotation reveals haplotype-specific gene variation

• Companion software evaluates sequence, assembly, and variant accuracy genome-wide

• New benchmark facilitates transition to genome inference and personalized genomics

Summary


Human genome sequencing typically relies on mapping reads to a reference genome to call variants, but this approach introduces technical biases, excluding duplicated and structurally polymorphic regions of the genome. To overcome this, we present a telomere-to-telomere genome benchmark with near-perfect accuracy across 99.4% of the diploid HG002 genome. This benchmark adds 701.4 Mb of autosomal sequence and both sex chromosomes (216.8 Mb), which were absent from prior benchmarks. We annotated genes and repeats on both haplotypes, including 19,956 protein-coding genes on the maternal haplotype and 19,190 on the paternal haplotype, and developed new methods to measure the accuracy of reads, phased variant call sets, and assemblies against a diploid reference. Genome-wide analyses show that de novo assembly resolves 2%–7% more sequence and outperforms variant calling accuracy by an order of magnitude, expanding the reach of genomic medicine to the entire genome and enabling a new era of personalized genomics.

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Keyword:

Haplotype-resolved T2T genome


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